; TeX output 2002.08.13:1122'= landscape&e묍n-ȍ@jcolor push Black color popFmcolor push rgb 1 0 0 e $lcmssb8P[anoramaGd'arithmgnetique ottante color poptX e lcmssb8V!alU eriefjMenissier-Mo!rainS11fjjuillet2002BTpffaUV e\lcmssb8Pɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQKtEo\lcmss8{11juillet2002{1/18ffa*&e묍򍍍@color push Black color pop@ffdȟff;color push Black color pop;color push rgb 1 0 0Ggneneralites color popcffffffdȎd荍@color push BlackKtEo lcmss8{ color pop@Unecolor push rgb 0 0 1prUSecision xUSee color pop,uncolor push rgb 0 0 1ensemble ni color popdevaleurs msbm10F,maisune(@reprUSesentationhtml:html:ecace html:$ html:advi: proc=1 record=startUScolor push cmyk 0 0 1 0pn 80pa 0 0 pa 166 -332fppn 80pa 0 0 pa 249 -332fppn 80pa 0 0 pa 332 -332fppn 80pa 0 0 pa 415 -332fppn 80pa 0 0 pa 498 -332fp color popcolor push cmyk 0 0 1 0bkpn 5ar 0 0 2968 499 0 6.2832PП color popcolor push cmyk 0 0 1 0color push cmyk 0 0 1 0܄2/^| color popcolor push BlackGY ottantsIEEEdoubleprUSecision:荍toutnombredevaleurabsoluenonnulledansK`y cmr10[10^ O!cmsy7ٓRcmr7308Z b> cmmi10;UP10^308 uY]S.raisonnablementapproUVchUSeparl'undes210^18 #USelementsdeF/^| color pop/^| color popadvi: proc record=endethtml:html:raisonnable html:6 html:advi: proc=2 record=start!UScolor push cmyk 0 0 1 0pn 80pa 0 0 pa 166 -332fppn 80pa 0 0 pa 249 -332fppn 80pa 0 0 pa 332 -332fppn 80pa 0 0 pa 415 -332fppn 80pa 0 0 pa 498 -332fp color popcolor push cmyk 0 0 1 0bkpn 5ar 0 0 3624 332 0 6.2832^ߟ color popcolor push cmyk 0 0 1 0color push cmyk 0 0 1 0}!rx^ color popcolor push BlackgO; ottantsIEEEdoubleprUSecisionpUVermettent荍d'approUVcherraisonnablementtouteslesconstantesphysiquesdel'universrx^ color poprx^ color popadvi: proc record=endd捍@color push Black{ color pop@color push rgb 0 0 1SimplicitUSeetrapiditUSe color popdesopUSerationsarithmUSetiqueselementaires@color push Black{ color pop@Descolor push rgb 0 0 1propriUSetesmathematiques color popsurRcolor push rgb 1 0 0fausses color popsurF(assoUVciativite,@distributivitUSe,etc.)TVj(1016Dz+81) !", cmsy101=06=1016=1016+8(11). 10200:8(10200910200 uY)=16=10200>< >>: 0:1256(mathUSematiquement荍 0:222:::6qҹUSevaluetelquel 0:256(avecladistributivitUSe#G@EnC(ISOC99),siy,x>=ysontfaux.@( ottantsIEEEdoubleprUSecision)BTpffaUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{2/18ffa7&e묍@1 ^&advi: trans slide from=bottom steps=50.color push Black color pop8SffdȟYYff8T8V8mcolor push Black color pop>mcolor push rgb 1 0 0UnGexempled'a[rithmgnetique ottante(c?LaGno[rmeIEEE-754/854 color popcYffffffdȎ󍍍xcolor push Black color pop{Breffjhisto!riqueDffdȟ(򍍍color push Black{ color pop IEEE754{1985(base2)/IEEE854{1987(basesvariUSees)(color push Black{ color pop philosophieHP,color push Black{ color pop miseaupUVointpourlesordinateurspersonnels,color push Black{ color pop extensionstationsdetravail,etc.color push Black{ color pop  lcmssi8defactoulestandardUnixenCaveclanormeISOC99.ArithmUSetiquesdi erentes:Cray,IBM,VMS,CAS,etc.BTpffaUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{3/18ffat&e묍1m8F7color push Black color popL:color push rgb 0.16 0.63 0.13Rep!rU esentationfj:unp]eudevocabulaire color pop@Dffdȟ(color push rgb 1 0 0Notationscienti que color pop:(*+x=sUPx0|s:x1':::|jx 0ercmmi7nq~beO \cmmi5x;b2N;UPb2;s=;xid2N;ex2Z;0xid color pop@Dffdȟ(color push rgb 0 0 1Di USerentstypUVesd'arrondi color pop:(color push Black{ color pop Vers1:r(x)leplusgrandnombremachinexcolor push Black{ color pop Vers+1:(x)lepluspUVetitnombremachinexcolor push Black{ color pop Vers0:r(x)six0,(x)six<0.color push Black{ color pop AuplusprUSes:Ny=(x),lenombremachineleplusproUVchedex.(L'arrondiauplusprUSesestl'arrondipardUSefautenC(ISOC99).(color push rgb 0 0 1Conventiondel'/hV1 wncyr10 color pop:Sionnotecolor push Black{ color pop lemoUVded'arrondiactif,color push Black{ color pop ?uneopUSeration2binairespUSeci eedanslanormeIEEE(+;;;),color push Black{ color pop xety[۹desnombresmachine(c'est-U*a-direexactementreprUSesentables danslesystUSemeutilisUSe),lerUSesultatdex8?y[۹doit^etre(x?y[ٲ),c'est-U*a-direl'color push rgb 0 0 1arrondidurUSesultatexact color pop(idempUVour4pU[etlesconversionsentretypes).BTpffaUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{7/18ffa/&e묍7wcolor push Black color pop}color push rgb 0.16 0.63 0.13OpU erationsfjspeci ees color pop@dffdȟk+;;;;4petlesconversionsentretypUVes.sLesautresopUSerationselementairessontengUSeneralimplementees,mais(sontnonspUSeci eesdanslanorme.qEnparticulier,ellesnesontpastenuesderespUVecterlaconventionde "l'<arrondiexact>commelemontrentlesexemplessuivants:OQ1 color push Black color pop7 $ fflN j  sffMachinecUn sff"Gsin(22)JWr  sffofflNfffflN  sffRGesultatUVexactJ\ sff"G-8.85130929040388e-3  sfffflN  sffTIUV59nG; sff"G-8.851309285116e-3  sff s  sffTIUV25nG; sff"G-8.8487e-38   sff  sffHPUV65k9 sff"G-8.851306326e-3  sff  sffHPUV34Cdq sff"G-8.851309289e-3  sff  sffHPUV48SX_8 sff"G-8.8513092904e-3  sff  sffcasioUVFX-702PH1 sff"G-8.851309219e-3  sff  sffPCUV:BorlandT*urbGoPascal7.0 sff"G-8.8513093008e-3  sff  sffPCUV:gcc2.96L8 sff"G-8.851309e-03)  sfffflNBTpffaUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{8/18ffa 6&e묍ō"color push Black color pop(ߟff3o j  sffMachine_N sff['sin(10-:22N)ke  sffoff3offff3o  sffRGesultatUVexactFg sff['-0.8522008497671888017727...  sffff3o  sffV*AXUVVMS(formatgouh)8桄 sff['-0.852200849...H  sff s  sffSiliconUVGraphicsIndy, sff['0.87402806...Q  sff  sffHPUV375,425t(4.3BSD)G& sff['-0.65365288...M  sff  sffSP*ARCc1ࡄ sff['-0.852200849...H  sff  sffIBMUVRS/6000AIX3005 sff['-0.852200849...H  sff  sffIBMUV3090/600S-VFAIX370 < sff['0.0ß  sff  sffPCUV:BorlandT*urbGoC2.0 sff['4.67734e-240T㞟  sff  sffPCUV:gcc2.96Hqڡ sff['4.626130e-01T㞟  sff  sffSharpUVEL5806G sff['-0.090748172TUe  sff  sffDECstationUV3100: sff['NaNz  sff  sffCasioUVfx-8100,fx180p,fx6910G sff['Errorw  sffff3oBTpffaUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{9/18ffa =ݍ&e묍7color push Black color popLafjdicultU e(PTLefjdilemmeduconstructeurdetables@ZffdȟR&SoitfunefonctionUSelementaire.Onveutcalculery"=f(x).RUIkcolor push Black color popq5PSfile="dc.eps" llx=0 lly=0 urx=214 ury=120 rwi=1284 ؍Maissiy[۹esttrUSesprUSesd'unnombremachine(pUVourl'arrondivers0,+1ou1)ousiy[۹esttrUSesprUSesdumilieudedeuxnombresmachineconsUSecutifs(pUVourl'arrondiauplusprUSes),alorsl'arrondiexactW*anbitsdey[ٟ^0*n'estpasnUSecessairementy[ٟ^00 xMl'arrondiexactW*anbitsdey[ٹ.Lecolor push rgb 0 0 1dilemmedufabricantdetables color popconsisteW*atrouverpUVourchaquefonctionetchaquedomainelapluspUVetitevaleurdemtellequel'arrondiexactdey[ٟ^0*etceluidey[۹coUUncidenttoujours.BTpff_ݑUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{10/18ff_ݎ DE&e묍NW Mcolor push Black color popSȻAvenirfjdelano!rmeIEEE:extension@ffdȟ(Beaucoupd'e ortsrUSecents:(color push Black{ color pop Travailsurledilemmedufabricantdetables(Muller,ENS-Lyon),color push Black{ color pop EssaidebibliothUSequedoubleprUSecisionavecarrondiexactauplusprUSes pUVourtouteslesfonctionsUSelementaires:APMathLib(Accurate PortableMathematicalLibrary,AbrahamZiv,IBMIsraUSel).color push Black{ color pop VersionlimitUSeedeGMP/MPFRcolor push Black{ color pop ArithmUSetiquedouble-double,quad-double(mUSethoUVdeCENA).BTpff_ݑUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{11/18ff_ݎ IH&e묍@ &advi: trans slide from=bottom steps=50 5color push Black color pop1ffdȟff24Jcolor push Black color pop!Jcolor push rgb 1 0 0DesGppetitsdgnefautsauxgrandesconsnequences color popcffffffdȎ((œ+color push Black color pop1ͻLesfjdU efautsclassiquessurdesexemplessimples(Y ( ottantsfjIEEEdoublep!rU ecision)ffdȟ㮍color push Black{ color pop color push rgb 1 0 0absorption color pop(ajoutdenombresd'ordredegrandeurtrUSesdi USerents) 㫍color push Black color pop`1.00000000000 ^(1)K,1.00000000000(1) 5 +UV0.0000000000049p\) ^(0:49X10-:11 g)=+0.0000000000050p\)(0:50X10-:11 g)  H&I H&#f =UV1.00000000000 ^(1+0:49X10-:11 g)%=1.00000000001 ^(1+0:50X10-:11 g) (color push Black{ color pop color push rgb 1 0 0cancellation2 color pop(USeliminationcatastrophique:soustractiondedeux nombrestrUSesvoisins)color push Black color pop1.00000000001H@D(1+0:50X10-:11 g) -@1.00000000000H@D(1+0:49X10-:11 g)N]  H+Vcolor push Black color popG>1.00000008274e-11@(10-:13 g) L'color push rgb 0 0 1erreurrelative color popestcolor push rgb 0 0 1exorbitante color pop(m^GemeUVsilasoustraction9etaitexacte). color push rgb 0 0 1Ampli cation color popd'erreursexistantes.Zbcolor push Black color pop`ecolor push rgb 1 0 0Absorption+cancellation2=DANGER color pop Mais,grU^*aceaubitdegardedanslasoutraction( ottantsIEEE), (18+0:5010^11)(1:0+:0:4910^11)=0:99920072216310^13.BTpff_ݑUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{12/18ff_ݎ M&&e묍*';Y%`color push Black color pop_%cDesfjaccumulationsdU evastatrices@ffdȟ(Exemple:calculde\limff j  sffNombreUVderectangles sffkRGesultat Y  sffZPrGecision  sffoff衍  sff-x50 sffk6.9313496e-01  sffZ1:2X10-:5L  sff s  sff*100 sffk6.9314420e-01  sffZ3:0X10-:6L  sff  sff*200 sffk6.9314653e-01  sffZ6:5X10-:7L  sff  sff*300 sffk6.9314706e-01  sffZ1:2X10-:7L  sff  sff*400 sffk6.9314289e-01  sffZ4:3X10-:6L  sff  sff*500 sffk6.9314975e-01  sffZ2:6X10-:6L  sff  sff(x1000 sffk6.9313794e-01  sffZ9:2X10-:6L  sff  sff(x2000 sffk6.9316149e-01  sffZ1:4X10-:5L  sffff j  sffxRGesultatUVexact sffk6.9314718e-01=\tln q(2)B˟  sffff莎Q@Avecҽcolor push rgb 0 0 1moinsde300rectangles color pop,l'inexactitudeducalcullui-m^USemedomine,@lescolor push rgb 0 0 1erreursd'arrondi color popsontcolor push rgb 0 0 1nUSegligeables color pop.(@color push rgb 1 0 0Au-delU*ade300rectangles color pop,lescolor push rgb 1 0 0erreursd'arrondis color popsontcolor push rgb 1 0 0prUSepUVonderantes color pop.BTpff_ݑUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{15/18ff_ݎuڍ&e묍7Tcolor push Black color popZLesfjcompa!raisonsetlesfrontiU eres@Dffdȩ(Exemple:BrUSesolutiondel'USequationduseconddegrUSe0:3x^29+2:1x+3:675=0(color push Black{ color pop =0mathUSematiquement!uneracinerUSeelledoublecolor push Black{ color pop <0ensimpleprUSecision!deuxracinescomplexesconjuguUSeescolor push Black{ color pop <0endoubleprUSecision!deuxracinesrUSeellesdistinctesAutreexemple:deuxobjetsgUSeometriquessont-ilstangents?(􍍍u\@color push Black color pop|){\CEchecsfjretentissantsffdȦ(󍍍color push Black{ color pop Ariane5:USechecdudeuxiemelancementcolor push Black{ color pop UnScudnoninterceptUSeparunmissilePatriotpUVendantlaguerredu Golfe:28morts.(􍍍color push Black color popConsU equencesDffdȦ(󍍍color push Black{ color pop rUSesultatentU^*ached'erreur,completementfaux,voiresituation arti ciellenonprUSevueparlesalgorithmescolor push Black{ color pop incohUSerence,situationirrUSealisteBTpff_ݑUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{16/18ff_ݎ~&e묍@'K&advi: trans slide from=bottom steps=50ǭcolor push Black color popffdȟff󞺍Qdjcolor push Black color popWdmcolor push rgb 1 0 0N'imppo[rteGquoitoutdesuite(Bs...ouGunrgnesultatpa[rfaittroptard color popcffffffdȎ+(Compromisvitesse/prUSecisionrecherchUSe.ExempledelamUSeteo.󍍍9pcolor push Black color pop?sP!ourfjessayerd'avoirunrU esultatplusprU ecisDffdȟcolor push Black{ color pop ArithmUSetiquestoUVchastique:arrondialUSeatoire,mUSethoUVdeCESTAC,2( ou3passagessusentcolor push Black{ color pop ArithmUSetiqued'intervalles:typUVeINTERVAL,l[a;b]=[r(a);b]color push Black{ color pop MultiprUSecisioncolor push Black{ color pop ArithmUSetiquesdynamiques,rUSeellesenprUSecisionarbitraire,etc.BTpff_ݑUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{17/18ff_ݎ&e묍#\~ -color push Black color pop 0P!ackagesfjexistants@Dffdȟ(򍍍color push Black{ color pop ArithmUSetiquestoUVchastiquediscrUSete:CADNA(ControlofAccurracy( andDebuggingforNumericalApplications,JeanVignes,Jean-Marie Chesneaux,LIP6)pUVourFortran90(color push Black{ color pop ArithmUSetiqueadaptable:APMathLib,color push Black{ color pop ArithmUSetiqued'intervalles:Brent,Langages-XSC,INTLIB,Intpak( (pUVourMaple),Aquarels(INRIA,Fortran77)color push Black{ color pop MultiprUSecision:GMP/MPF,GMP/MPFR(MultiplePrecision Floating-PointReliableLibrary,LORIA,extensiondelanormeIEEE)color push Black{ color pop ArithmUSetiqued'intervalles+multiprUSecision:MPFIx(MultiplePrecision Floating-PointIntervalLibrary:)(NathalieRevol,ENS-Lyon&Fabrice Rouillier,LORIA/LIp6)color push Black{ color pop IRRAM,CREAL,etc.BTpff_ݑUVPɢanorama`d'arithmXetique ottanteQ{11juillet2002{18/18ff_ݎ%;=t/hV1 wncyr10.c wncyb10-lcmssi8,Cscmtt8+O+msbm6%q% cmsy6$K cmsy8#;cmmi6"2cmmi8!Aacmr6 |{Ycmr8 lcmssi8 cmmi10 0ercmmi7O \cmmi5K`y cmr10ٓRcmr7Zcmr5u cmex10f